Citing references and creating bibliographies
Print only
Please note:
This guide is intended to provide general information for applying
the Harvard Referencing System. Some details, including punctuation,
may differ from your department's guidelines. Always consult your
lecturer for advice relating to the specific requirements of referencing
assignments.
There are many different styles for
citing references and compiling bibliographies. Often, the style
varies according to the subject area. The social sciences and
applied sciences tend to use different styles. The Harvard System,
an author-date style, is recommended for students. This style
of referencing is widely accepted in academic publications, although
you may see a number of variations in the way it is used.
Following a recommended style ensures
that:
- your references and bibliography
are compiled in a consistent format
- it is possible for the reader
to clearly identify and locate resources listed in your reference
list and bibliography.
Bibliography
You may be required to create a bibliography
at the end of a written assignment. Include all the books, articles
and other sources of information that you found useful for the
writing of the assignment.
Your bibliography should be included
with your assignment but on a separate page.
Reference
list
This is a list of books, articles
and other resources to which you have referred directly
(cited) in the text of your essay or report. No additional items
are included, even those you found broadly relevant to your research.
Sometimes, you may be asked to provide
a reference list and a bibliography with your essay or
report.
Referencing
- explanations and examples
Below are samples of entries students
should make when constructing a bibliography or a reference list.
| Take
note of the punctuation and the use of capital letters
and lower case. The formula for entries must be followed
exactly.
The items in a bibliography
or reference list must be listed in alphabetical order
by the first letter of the author's/editor's surname or
the title of the item if there is no author. Ignore 'A',
'An' and 'The' when they are the first word of the title.
|
Return
to top
Books
The correct format is set out below.
Author's surname, author's initial.
Year of Publication, Book Title, Publisher, Place of Publication.
Anderson, J. and Poole, M. 2001,
Assignment and Thesis Writing, 4th edn, John Wiley
and Sons, Brisbane.
Saunders, C. 2000, Women and
Stress, Crescent Books, New York.
If the book has an editor, list it
like this:
Healey, J. (ed) 2006, Natural
Disasters, The Spinney Press, Thirroul, NSW.
If there are two or more editors,
list the book like this:
Stewart, J. & Cranshaw, K.
(eds) 1996, Mexican Cooking: Exciting Ideas for Delicious
Meals, Godalming, Bramley Books, Surrey.
If there are multiple authors, list
them all:
Besanko, D., Dranove, D., Shanley,
M. & Schaefer, S. 2003, Economics of Strategy,
3rd edn, J.Wiley, New York.
If the book has no author, begin
with the title:
Style manual for authors,
editors and printers, 2002, 6th edn, Australian Government
Publishing Service, Canberra.
If the book is one of a number of
editions, make sure you list the edition you used:
Robbins, S.P. 2003, Management,
3rd edn, Pearson Education, French's Forest, NSW.
If the book is one of a number of
volumes, make sure you list the one you used:
Encyclopedia of Family Health, vol. 12, 2004, 3rd edn, Marshall
Cavendish, Tarrytown, NY.
Return
to top
Journal
entries
Below is an example of the standard
bibliography format for a journal article.
Ellison, K. 2007, ‘Keeping the beat’, Step
Inside Design, vol. 23, iss. 1, pp. 48-55
Newspaper
articles
Below is an example of the standard
bibliography format for a newspaper article.
Steger, J. 2007, ‘Literary peers mourn death of the
mistress of black humour’, The Age, 20 February,
p. 3.
List
of illustrations
This is a list of visual works (pictures,
photographs, cartoons) to which you have referred both directly
and indirectly in your essay or report. The list is attached to
your report or essay after your bibliography and/or reference
list.
"Illustrations" can include original artworks, reprints
of artwork in books, cartoons in newspapers, photocopies and scans,
photographs and other visual resources.
Sometimes, you may be asked to provide
copies of the artwork itself. In this case, scans or photocopies
are acceptable. Always make sure your list has the correct details
of the artist.
All illustrations, no matter what
format, should be given a figure number.
eg.
Figure 1
“The cardboard commandos”, 2007
Cartoonist: Michael Leunig in The Age Newspaper, p.
16, February 21
An
interview
Use the following
format: Name of person interviewed.
Date. Description of interview with day, month and year. Location
of interview. [format]
King, M. 2007. Interview with Holmesglen Institute of TAFE
Information Commons Manager, 16 February 2007. Holmesglen
Institute of TAFE Information Commons, Melbourne. [MP3 recording]
Motion
picture or video recordings
These citations should contain the
title and date of production, and an indication of the format.
The date is often not visible on the video itself. You may have
to check the catalogue entry or watch for the date to appear on
the screen when you are viewing the video.
Below is an example of the standard
bibliography format for a video recording.
The naked chef (video recording), 2001, London,
UK, BBC Worldwide.
Return
to top
Legislation
These citations should include the Name
of Act, Year and Jurisdiction
Copyright Act 1968, (Commonwealth)
Electronic
resources
Follow the same general form as for
citations of printed material. Provide as much information as
possible concerning the authorship and availability of the sources.
Be sure to get the web address (URL) correct. If necessary, cut
and paste the URL from the browser to your document to avoid making
typographical mistakes.
World
Wide Web resources (WWW)
If possible, list the author of the
Web information that you used, then the date when the information
was last updated. The author is not always available and you may
have to list the organisation that produced the web page or website.
Examples
McKie, R.
2007, The drugs do work (Online). Available from
http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,2002942,00.html.
(Accessed: February 20, 2007).
Orchard, J., Fricker, A. & White,
S. 2006, 'The use and misuse
of performance enhancing substances in sport', Medical
Journal of Australia (Online). Available from:
http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/184_03_060206/orc10359_fm.html.
(Accessed: February 21, 2007).
Australian Institute of Sport,
2004, Anti-doping policy (Online). Available from:
http://www.ausport.gov.au/publications/ascantidope04.asp.
(Accessed: February 21, 2007).
Australian
Sports Commission, 2006, Ethics in sport unit (Online).
Available from:
http://www.ausport.gov.au/ethics/issues.asp. (Accessed:
February 20, 2007).
The cost of the Troubles survey: Final Report, 1999.
Available from:
http://www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/home/publication/research/cott/index.html
(accessed April 20, 2006).
Note: the date at the end represents
the date you visited the site.
Email,
discussion lists and groups
Examples
Crump, E. 21 February, 2007,
'2007 trends', GreenYes (Online). Available from: acw-@unicorn.acs.ttu.edu
(Accessed: 14 February, 2007).
Saunders, J. February 21, 2007,
'Water saving measures', SLF - Sustainable living foundation,
(Online). Available from: biggs@holmesglen.vic.edu.au
(Accessed: January 21, 2007).
Please note: E-mail addresses should
never be cited without the permission of the owner of the address.
Articles
from an electronic encyclopedia
Example
Hancock, Ian 2001 "Howard,
John Winston" in The Oxford Companion to Australian
History, Oxford University Press, 2001. Oxford Reference
Online. Available from: http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t127.e755
(Viewed March 14 2007)
Articles
from an electronic database
Examples
Robbins, T 2007, 'English: ticket
to the world', The Age, Jan 27, p.20. Available from:
http://search.ebscohost.com
(Viewed March 14, 2007)
Burkhardt, J 2007, 'Assessing
Library Skills: a first step to Information Literacy', Portal:
Libraries and the Academy, vol. 7, iss. 1, pp. 25-42.
Available from:
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?RQT=341 (Viewed March 14,
2007)
Return
to top
In
text referencing
These are also called textual references
and appear in the body of your assignment. When you use ideas
from other sources, you need to give brief details acknowledging
the source. The surname of the author and the date of publication
is all that is necessary. If you are referring to the general
theme of the item, you don't need page numbers. Where you are
quoting or referring to figures or data, page numbers must be
included.
Examples
One author
Saunders (2000)
has found that...
Robbins (2003, p. 26) argues
that lack of information results in ....
A recent thesis (Stanton 2005)..
Two or three authors
Maddison & Hogan (1997)
More than three authors
Use the first author only followed
by 'et al.'
King et al. (2006) discussed
library glossary of terms.
An article in a book with an editor
( eg Issues in Society )
Castles (in ed.Healey 2005, p.5)
explains.....
Sponsored by a corporate body
(CSIRO 2007) .....
Newspapers -
as for a book, unless there is no author
(The Herald Sun 24-25
Jan. 2005, p.19)....
Video
Dead Letter Office (videorecording)
1998....
Database
AustLit (database).................
Interview
Marion King, Holmesglen Institute of TAFE
Information Commons Manager, stated in a personal interview
on February 16, 2007 that................
Online sources
When referring to an idea that came
from a document that you found on the Web, follow the usual citation
format
'There are many aspects of lifelong
learning' (Smith 2006, p. 2)
Secondary source of an idea
Holcomb (1998, p. 10, cited in
Stewart 2006, p. 19)
Direct quotations
Brief quotations (about 30 words
or less) can be included in text. Use single quotation
marks.
Shackett (2005, p. 23) said:
'Librarians are vital to the survival of students'. or
'Librarians are vital to the survival of students' (Shackett
2005, p. 23).
Longer quotations (more than 30 words)
should begin on a new line. Introduce the quotation in your own
words, use single spacing and indent from the left margin. Quotation
marks are not used. Use a smaller font size for the quotation
(eg from font size 10, change to font size 8). Remember to change
back to the original font size for the author, date and page number
as this is not part of the actual quotation.
For example:
The subject of a painting
does not necessarily reflect their station in life:
If Breugal
had been a peasant himself he could not have painted then as
he did. He certainly was a townsman and his attitude towards
the rustic life of the village was very likely similar to that
of Shakespeare, for whom Quince the Carpenter and Bottom the
Weaver were a species of "clown".
(Gombrich 1972, p.79)
Illustrations/Visual Works
For these, just put the figure number
that you gave the visual work in your list of illustrations. For
example:
'Illustrating the futility of
war is Leunig's cartoon, Happy Handover' (Fig. 1)
There are many other formulas
for the different types of publications that may appear in a bibliography.
You may wish to consult one of the following:
Style Manual for Authors,
Editors and Printers, 2002,
6th edn, John Wiley, Australia.
The Chicago Manual of Style,
2003, 6th edn, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Example of a Reference List or
Bibliography
Bibliography
‘Harry Potter’, in Wikipedia (Online).
c2006 Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter
(Accessed October
11, 2006)
Harry
Potter and the goblet of fire
(video recording),
2006,
Warner Home Video, Burbank, California.
BBC
News, c2003, JK
Rowling
richer than Queen, (Online). Available from
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2979033.stm
(Accessed
October 16, 2006)
Kephart,
B. 2003, ‘As her son creates his story, a mother
waits for the ending’, in Writers on Writing, Volume
II: More collected essays from The New York Times, Henry
Holt, New York, pp. 133-136.
Lackey,
M. & Wilson, L. (eds) 2006,
Mapping the world of Harry Potter: science fiction and fantasy
writers explore the bestselling fantasy series of all time,
Benballa Books, Dallas.
Rowling,
J. K. 2005, Harry
Potter and the Half-Blood Prince,
Bloomsbury Publishing,
London.
Savill,
R. 2000, ‘Harry Potter and the mystery of J K's lost
initial’. The Daily Telegraph, 19 July,
p. 13.
Smith,
S. 2006, ‘Exclusive:
Harry Potter and the Wavering Costar’,
Newsweek,
October 2, vol.148, issue12, p.10,
Viewed:
October 11, 2006,
from
http://proquest.umi.com/.
Spartz,
E.c2005, MuggleNet and the Leaky Cauldron interview with
Joanne Kathleen Rowling, July 16 (Online). Available
from http://www.mugglenet.com/jkrinterview.shtml
(Accessed
October 14, 2006)
Waters,
Galadriel (ed) 2004, The plot thickens…Harry Potter
investigated by fans for fans. Wizarding World Press,
London
Return
to top
|
